![]() ![]() Cm-Induced Differentially Expressed Genes In conclusion, both tomato lines appeared the expected phenotype difference upon Cm infection. Therefore, the phenotype of inbreeding line IBL 2353 was very similar to the control plants after Cm infection and confirmed the resistance to the Cm pathogen. Some of the IBL2353 infected plants just displayed small and mild canker wounds located in the inoculation site and occasionally wilting leaves at 30 dpi ( Figure 1F,G). In contrast, IBL2353 infected plants remained symptom-free at 30 dpi and showed no apparent differences to the mock-inoculated plants ( Figure 1E,F). The symptoms included the unilateral wilting of compound leaves and unilateral plants wilting finally long and cracking injection sites of the stems and the dying of whole plants at 30 dpi ( Figure 1B–D). Upon continued incubation at 25–30 dpi, the typical canker symptoms appeared. Ohio88119 infected plants showed symptoms as early as 15 dpi including necrotic lesions at the leaves’ edges and the wilting of mature leaves. Ohio88119 mock-inoculated plants were free of symptoms at 30 days post-inoculation (dpi) ( Figure 1A). Healthy plants with 5–6 true leaves were inoculated with Cm bacterial suspension as treated samples and with MgSO 4 solution as mock samples. Therefore, we envisaged that a comparative transcriptome with less background difference between two lines may bridge the prevalent weakness and broaden our current knowledge of the complicated interaction and impact on the outcome of infection. In spite of such understanding on host–pathogen interactions in tomato, the understanding of the defense mechanism was still incomprehensible, since there were too many DEGs to analyze related to the complicated pathophysiology interaction. The proteome-level analysis of Cm-inoculated tomatoes disclosed a series of differentially expressed PR proteins. Of interest, 122 receptor-like kinases participated in pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) and 46 transcription factors in susceptible tomato cultivars. Formerly, thousands of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in transcriptome analysis between susceptible cultivars and resistant wild S. Revealing molecular basis of the Cm infection response in tomato largely counts on the transcriptomic discrepancies between the susceptible and resistant genotypes, preliminary to and after bacterial pathogen inoculation. Herein, we have performed a comparative transcriptome analysis using RNA-seq to disclose the important Cm resistance molecular players in the tomato. Genome-wide transcriptome analysis is a powerful way to find out the host molecular responses to pathogen infection. These putative resistance and susceptibility genes are valuable resources for molecular resistance breeding and contribute to the development of new control methods in tomato. ![]() In addition to Cm-induced genes related to resistance, the expression of eight homologs from six susceptibility ( S) gene families was analyzed. Then we screened out some genes which are potentially associated with the defense response against Cm infection in IBL2353 including the wall-associated receptor kinase-like 20 ( WAKL20), and virus-induced gene silencing showed it contributes resistance to Cm infection. Gene ontology (GO) analysis revealed that top terms of differentially expressed genes comprised ubiquitin protein ligases, transcription factors, and receptor kinases. Towards the identification of genes underlying resistance to Cm infection, the transcriptome of the resistant inbred backcross line IBL2353 carrying the Rcm2.0 locus derived from Solanum habrochaites LA407 and the susceptible Solanum lycopersicum line Ohio88119 was comparatively analyzed after Cm inoculation, and the analysis focused on the genes with different expression patterns between resistant and susceptible lines. Bacterial canker of tomato is a systemic disease caused by Clavibacter michiganensis ( Cm), which poses a grave threat to tomato production worldwide. ![]()
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